世界银行营商环境评价环境许可问卷解读

Interpretation of the World Bank's Business Ready Environmental Permits Questionnaire

 

1．Does China have uniform environmental laws and standard system?我国是否有统一的环境法规和标准体系？

[Explanation]: Y.China is committed to the most rigorous institutional arrangements and the strictest rule of law in ecological and environmental protection. To date, the country has enacted more than 30 national laws, over 100 administrative regulations, and more than 1,000 local regulations related to ecological and environmental protection. Notable examples include the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Regulations on the Administration of Environmental Protection of Construction Projects, the Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Environmental Protection, and the Provisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Safe Construction of Engineering Projects. Additionally, there are 2,415 national ecological and environmental standards currently in effect and 24 local mandatory emission/discharge standards in Shanghai, including the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard and the Control Standard of Particulate Matter for Construction. These laws and standards form a comprehensive regulatory system anchored by the Environmental Protection Law. This system addresses various types of pollution, including water, air, noise, and solid waste, and safeguards diverse natural ecosystems such as mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts.

问题解读：中国坚持以最严格制度最严密法治保护生态环境。目前，我国已有生态环境保护相关法律30余部、行政法规100多件、地方性法规1000余件，如《中华人民共和国环境保护法》《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》《建设项目环境保护管理条例》《上海市环境保护条例》《上海市建设工程文明施工管理规定》等；现行有效国家生态环境标准2415项、上海市地方强制性排放标准24项，如《污水综合排放标准》《建筑施工颗粒物控制标准》等，构建了以环境保护法为统领，涵盖水、气、声、渣等各类污染要素与山水林田湖草沙等各类自然生态系统的生态环境保护法规和标准体系。

All these documents are publicly accessible on the official websites of relevant government departments and platforms, including Shanghai’s “Government Online-Offline Shanghai”, an integrated government service platform.

以上文件在政府部门官网以及上海市“一网通办”等平台全文公开。

2．Have these regulations or standards been updated or revised in the past several years？

过去几年，这些法规或标准是否进行了更新或修订？

[Explanation]: Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has formulated and amended the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China, and other 26 laws related to ecological and environmental protection. In Shanghai, the city has revised regulations such as the Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Environmental Protection, the Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Building of A Zero-Waste City, and the Control Standard of Particulate Matter for Construction. These amendments have strengthened the legal requirements for pollution prevention and control, covering areas such as construction dust and noise management, wastewater and construction waste treatment, and new initiatives like green and low-carbon resource utilization.

问题解读：党的十八大以来，我国制修订了《中华人民共和国环境保护法》《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》等26部生态环境保护相关法律，本市制修订了《上海市环境保护条例》《上海市无废城市建设条例》《建筑施工颗粒物控制标准》等地方性法规和标准，以法律形式固化诸如建筑施工扬尘、噪声、废水、建筑垃圾污染防治以及绿色低碳资源化利用等创新要求。

3．What are the legal consequences of environmental violations?

环境违法行为会承担什么样的法律后果？

[Explanation]: China enforces severe punishment for environmental violations. For non-criminal violations of environmental protection laws and regulations, punitive measures will be imposed, including but not limited to warnings, fines, daily penalties, property seizure or detention, and penalties under the double-punishment system. Serious violations that constitute crimes will be prosecuted according to the law. Additionally, those who cause damage by polluting the environment or harming ecosystems will be held liable for torts in compliance with the law.

问题解读：我国对环境违法行为规定了严惩重罚，对于违反环境保护法律法规的行为，尚未构成犯罪的，将依法给予行政处罚，这些处罚措施包括但不限于：警告、罚款以及按日计罚、查封扣押、拘留双罚制等严厉手段。对于严重违反环境保护法律法规的行为，如果构成犯罪，将依法追究刑事责任。此外，因污染环境和破坏生态造成损害的，还应当依法承担侵权责任。

4．What determines whether a construction project needs to undergo EIA? Which kinds of environmental impacts are considered in the EIA?

判定建设项目是否要做环评的依据是什么，环评考虑了哪些方面的环境影响？

[Explanation]: Several regulatory documents, including the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment, the Classified Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (2021 Edition), and the Detailed Implementation Rules of Shanghai Municipality for Classification and Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (2021 Edition), stipulate the requirements for classified management of environmental impact assessments based on the different types and degrees of environmental impacts of construction projects. The Directory clearly defines environmental risks in new building construction projects, covering areas such as ecosystems, air quality, water, soil, noise, and electromagnetic radiation. The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China outlines the requirements for protecting natural ecosystems and cultural heritage sites, as well as for preventing and controlling pollution related to air, water, soil, noise, and electromagnetic radiation, and for managing agricultural pollution.

问题解读：《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》、《建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录》（2021年版）、《<建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录>上海市实施细化规定（2021年版）》等法规文件基于建设项目环境影响的不同类型及程度，明确了环境影响评价分类管理要求。名录中包含了生态、大气、水、土壤、噪声、电磁辐射等不同类型环境影响的项目。《中华人民共和国环境保护法》针对自然生态系统、人文遗迹的保护，大气、水、土壤、噪声、电磁辐射污染的防治、农业污染防治等均做出要求。  

In addition, both national and municipal technical guidelines for environmental impact assessments address various types of construction projects that may affect ecology, atmospheric environments, water resources and aquatic environments, soil environments, acoustic environments, electromagnetic radiation, environmental risks, biosafety, carbon emissions, and more.

  此外，我国及本市制定一系列环境影响评价技术导则，涵盖了生态、大气环境、水资源及水环境、土壤环境、声环境、电磁辐射、环境风险、生物安全、碳排放等不同影响的各类建设项目。

5．Must EIA reports be prepared by professionals or professional institutions?

环境影响评价是否必须由专业人士或专业机构进行编制？

[Explanation]: Y.The Measures for the Supervision and Administration of the Preparation of Environmental Impact Reports (Forms) on Construction Projects, issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2019, stipulate that the entity preparing the report (form) should possess the technical capability to conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The individual responsible for the preparation must hold a Professional Qualification Certificate of Environmental Impact Assessment Engineer. The Ministry of Ecology and Environment is responsible for overseeing the management of these qualifications.

    问题解读：是的。生态环境部出台的《建设项目环境影响报告书（表）编制监督管理办法》（2019年发布）明确：编制单位应当具备环境影响评价技术能力。编制主持人应当为取得环境影响评价工程师职业资格证书。编制人员的资质管理由生态环境部负责。

6．What changes in factors would trigger an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for a housing development project？

对房地产项目而言，哪些因素的变化会触发环境影响评价？

[Explanation]: According to the Detailed Implementation Rules of Shanghai Municipality for Classified Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (2021 Edition), the need for an EIA and the form of the EIA document required depend on the nature of the industry, the size of the project, and its location sensitivity. For the housing development project mentioned in the questionnaire, the Directory specifies that general real estate development projects do not require an EIA unless they are located in environmentally sensitive areas.

    问题解读：《〈建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录〉上海市实施细化规定（2021年版）》根据各类项目的行业性质、规模及位置敏感性，明确项目是否需要开展环评以及环评文件的形式。针对调查问题中所述的住宅开发项目，根据名录，除涉及环境敏感区的，一般房地产开发项目无需开展环评。

7．Does the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process include each of the following mandatory requirements :

       a. Scoping and baseline studies

       b. Impact assessment

       c. Mitigation measures

       d. Public participation 

       e.  Monitoring and follow-up

    环评是否包括以下强制性要求：a.范围界定和基准研究b.影响评估c.缓解措施d.公众参与e.监测及跟进

[Explanation]:Y.According to the Technical Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects—General Program, issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the preparation of environmental impact reports typically includes the following sections: project overview, general principles, construction project engineering analysis, environmental status survey and evaluation, environmental impact prediction and assessment, environmental protection measures and feasibility studies, economic benefit and loss analysis of environmental impact, environmental management and monitoring plan, conclusions of the environmental impact assessment, and appendices.

问题解读：是的。生态环境部制定的《建设项目环境影响评价技术导则  总纲》明确环境影响报告书编制一般包括概述、总则、建设项目工程分析、环境现状调查与评价、环境影响预测与评价、环境保护措施及其可行性论证、环境影响经济损益分析、环境管理与监测计划、环境影响评价结论和附录附件等内容。

The Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment require that a construction entity must solicit opinions from citizens, legal entities, and other organizations within the EIA scope, in accordance with the law. Upon receiving public feedback, the construction entity should thoroughly evaluate the project’s status, consider suggestions from the environmental impact report preparer or other qualified entities, assess technical and economic feasibility, and incorporate reasonable opinions related to the project’s environmental impact.

《环境影响评价公众参与办法》明确，建设单位应当依法听取环境影响评价范围内的公民、法人和其他组织的意见。对收到的公众意见，建设单位应当综合考虑建设项目情况、环境影响报告书编制单位或者其他有能力的单位的建议、技术经济可行性等因素，采纳与建设项目环境影响有关的合理意见。

8．Which department approves EIA? Is there technical evaluation? 环评由什么部门审批，是否有技术评估环节？

[Explanation]: The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment stipulates that the environmental impact report for a construction project shall be submitted by the construction entity according to the relevant provisions of the State Council to the competent authorities of ecological and environmental protection for examination and approval. Moreover, as specified by the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of the Preparation of Environmental Impact Reports (Forms) on Construction Projects, ecological and environmental protection authorities at all levels must conduct both normative and quality checks on the environmental impact reports received during the approval process.

问题解读：《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》明确，建设项目的环境影响报告，由建设单位按照国务院的规定报有审批权的生态环境主管部门审批。《建设项目环境影响报告书（表）编制监督管理办法》明确，各级生态环境主管部门在环境影响报告受理过程中，应当对报批的环境影响报告进行编制规范性检查及质量检查。

The Notice of Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment on Standardizing the Technical Review of Environmental Impact Assessments requires the separation of technical review from administrative approval. Thus, technical reviews are conducted externally by independent institutions.

《上海市环境保护局关于规范环境影响评价技术评估工作的通知》明确落实技术审查和行政审批分离。因此，技术评估属于独立机构开展的外部审查。

According to the Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment, upon receiving the environmental impact report and before making an approval decision, the competent authorities of ecological and environmental protection must disclose the project’s basic information and environmental impact assessment documents to the public through their websites or other channels to solicit public opinions. Additionally, the authorities must organize hearings for major administrative licensing matters that involve public interests and require hearings to ensure that the opinions of citizens, legal entities, and other organizations are fully considered.

《环境影响评价公众参与办法》明确，生态环境主管部门应当在受理环境影响报告后及做出审批决定前，通过其网站或者其他方式向社会公开项目基本信息、环评文件，充分征集公众意见。办法还指出，生态环境部门对涉及公共利益、认为需要听证的重大行政许可事项，应当组织召开听证会，充分听取公民、法人和其他组织的意见。

9．Is public participation required during the preparation of EIA?环评编制阶段是否需要公众参与？

[Explanation]: Y.According to Article 21, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment, unless it is provided by the state that it is necessary to keep confidential, for the construction projects which may impose significant environmental impacts and for which it is necessary to work out a report of environmental impacts, the construction entity shall, before submitting the construction project for examination and approval, seek the opinions of relevant entities, experts, and the general public by holding demonstration meetings, hearings, or by any other means. The Measures of Shanghai Municipality for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment also offer specific guidelines for engaging the public during the assessment process.

问题解读：是的。《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》第二十一条：除国家规定需要保密的情形外，对环境可能造成重大影响、应当编制环境影响报告书的建设项目，建设单位应当在报批建设项目环境影响报告书前，举行论证会、听证会，或者采取其他形式，征求有关单位、专家和公众的意见。《上海市环境影响评价公众参与办法》对环评阶段的公众参与做出了具体规定。

10．Does public participation in the environmental impact assessment preparation stage include the following forms and methods?

    a. Information in a form and language understandable to project-affected parties and other interested parties

    b. Clear and accessible information

    c. Surveys and polls to capture inputs and feedback from the stakeholders

    d. Capacity buildings

环评编制阶段的公众参与是否包括以下形式和方法?

    a.以项目受影响方及其他相关方可理解的形式和语言提供的信息

    b.清晰且易于获取的信息c.调查和民意调查，以获取利益相关方的投入和反馈d.能力建设

问题解读：是。《上海市环境影响评价公众参与办法》明确了公示内容要求，确保易于公众获取和理解项目信息。公众参与形式包括在相关官网公示、现场张贴公告及登报等，确保信息易于获取，并广泛征求公众意见。针对敏感项目，必要时举行论证会、听证会，充分听取公众意见。《办法》鼓励建设单位通过发放科普资料、张贴科普海报、举办科普讲座、参观企业或者通过学校、社区、大众传播媒介等途径，向公众宣传与建设项目环境影响有关的科学知识。

[Explanation]: Y.The Measures of Shanghai Municipality for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment specify the requirements for public notices, ensuring that project information is easily accessible and understandable to the public. The forms of public participation include publishing project details on relevant official websites and posting notices on-site and in newspapers to ensure information accessibility and broadly seek public opinions. For sensitive projects, demonstration meetings and hearings will be held when necessary to thoroughly consider public opinions. Additionally, the Measures encourage construction entities to raise awareness about the environmental impacts of construction projects through various means, such as distributing information, posting posters, holding lectures, organizing visits to enterprises, and collaborating with schools, communities, and the media.

11．Which regulations or measures can protect the rights and interests of women in the field of EIA?环评领域保障女性从业权益，有何规定或措施?

[Explanation]: The government and relevant departments have proactively taken measures to safeguard women’s rights and interests, both through institutional frameworks and by providing organization and guidance. Institutionally, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests mandates the protection of women’s rights and interests in employment and career development. In Shanghai, the city has introduced the Regulations on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests, strengthening measures for the cultivation, recruitment, evaluation, encouragement, development, and support of female talent to fully leverage the role of women in building Shanghai into a high-level talent hub. The Regulations also require a fair employment and entrepreneurship environment for women.

问题解读：政府和有关部门在女性权益保障制度和组织引导等层面积极作为。从制度层面，我国《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》明确保障女性的就业、职业发展等有关权益。上海层面，有《上海市妇女权益保障条例》强化女性人才的培养、引进、评价激励、成长发展、服务保障等措施，发挥女性在高水平人才高地建设中的作用。为妇女创造公平的就业创业环境。

In terms of organization and guidance, the departments of ecological and environmental protection, in collaboration with relevant industry associations and organizations, have actively organized activities such as selecting Role Model Female Workers and March 8th Red-Banner Pacesetters. These initiatives aim to recognize and encourage female professionals in the field.

从组织引导来说，生态环境部门会同相关行业协会组织，积极组织开展行业巾帼建功标兵选树、三八红旗手选树等活动，表彰鼓励女性从业人才。

12．Can I raise objections to EIA approval decision?能否对环评审批决定提出异议？

[Explanation]: Y.According to the Administrative Reconsideration Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Administrative Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, a party that objects to the result of an environmental clearance can either apply for administrative reconsideration to an administrative reconsideration organ or initiate legal proceedings with a people’s court.

问题解读：是。根据《中华人民共和国行政复议法》《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》，当事人对环境许可结果提出异议的，可以向行政复议机关提出行政复议申请，也可以向人民法院提起行政诉讼。

13．Can I apply for administrative adjudication or mediation if I am dissatisfied with the EIA result?对环评审批结果不服能否申请行政裁决或者调解？

[Explanation]:Y.China has implemented an administrative reconsideration system, comparable to the UK’s Administrative Tribunal system and the US’s Administrative Law Judge system. It plays a vital role in resolving administrative disputes, complementing the process of administrative litigation. If citizens, legal persons, or other organizations consider that their lawful rights and interests have been violated by an administrative act, they can apply for administrative reconsideration to an administrative reconsideration organ in accordance with the Administrative Reconsideration Law of the People’s Republic of China. Acts that can be disputed include but are not limited to, administrative licensing decisions and administrative penalties.‌

问题解读：是的。我国建立有行政复议制度，与英国行政裁判所、美国行政法法官等制度的功能类似，是行政诉讼之外的一种重要行政纠纷解决机制。公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关的具体行政行为侵犯其合法权益时，‌可以依照《‌中华人民共和国行政复议法》‌的规定向行政复议机关提出复议申请，‌这些行为包括但不限于‌行政许可决定、行政处罚决定等。

People’s courts at all levels in China are actively advancing the diversified resolution of administrative disputes by guiding, encouraging, and supporting parties to choose non-litigious methods such as administrative reconciliation, administrative adjudication, administrative conciliation, or arbitration.

我国各级人民法院积极推进行政争议多元化解工作，引导、鼓励和支持当事人选择行政和解、行政裁决、行政调解或者申请仲裁等非诉讼方式解决争议。

14．Can decisions on environmental clearances be disputed online?可以在网上提起环境许可决定争议吗？

[Explanation]: Both administrative reconsideration and administrative litigation can be conducted online. Parties can apply for administrative reconsideration through the online application platform for administrative reconsideration or file an administrative lawsuit via the Shanghai Court Litigation Service Online. Both of these actions can also be performed using the “Government Online-Offline Shanghai”.

问题解读：行政复议和行政诉讼都可以通过网上办理。当事人可以通过行政复议网上申请平台申请行政复议，在上海法院诉讼服务网提起行政诉讼，也可在上海市“一网通办”平台办理。

https://www.hshfy.sh.cn/shwfy/ssfww/login.jsp

上海市法院诉讼服务网

https://xzfysq.sfj.sh.gov.cn/apply-online-web/#/codeSearch

行政复议网上在线申请平台

15．whether there is an electronic system that facilitates the processing of environmental licenses for each of the following:a. Online payment b. Online communicationc. Online notification d. Online submission e. Auto-generated checklist

环评是否可以通过网络办理，是否具备下列在线功能？

        a.在线支付b.在线交流c.在线通知d.在线提交e.自动生成的核对清单

[Explanation]: Shanghai has introduced an integrated government service platform, the “Government Online-Offline Shanghai”. Through this platform, businesses can apply for EIA approval online and submit all required documents electronically. The platform also offers features such as online inquiries, notifications, and automatic checklist generation, all free of charge.

问题解读：本市已开通“一网通办”政务服务系统，企业可在线办理环评审批申请，所有申请材料在线提交，网站还具备在线提问、通知、生成清单等功能，所有功能无需支付费用。

16．Are the requirements for environmental impact assessment management available online?环评相关管理的要求是否可以通过网络在线获取？

[Explanation and supporting evidence]: According to the Detailed Implementation Rules of Shanghai Municipality for Classified Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (2021 Edition), the need for an EIA and the form of the EIA document required depend on the nature of the industry, the size of the project, and its location sensitivity. The Rules address projects with high, medium, or low environmental impact. Businesses can access the requirements for EIA approval application materials and process online via the city’s “Government Online-Offline Shanghai” platform. The public can find information on the need for an EIA and its form in the “Business Environment” section of the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment’s official website.

问题解读：《〈建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录〉上海市实施细化规定（2021年版）》根据项目的行业性质、规模及位置敏感性，明确各类建设项目是否需要开展环评以及环评文件形式，包含了高、中、低各种环境影响程度的建设项目。本市开通“一网通办”政务服务系统，企业可在线查询环评审批申请材料、流程等要求。上海市生态环境局官网开设“营商环境专栏”，公众可查询项目是否需要开展环评及环评形式。

17．Where can I get the statistical data on EIA approval?在哪里可以获取环评审批统计数据？

[Explanation]: Ecological and environmental departments at all levels publicize the environmental impact assessment approval results of construction projects on their official websites.The Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment publishes an ecological and environmental bulletin annually, which includes the number of EIA approvals for the current year and data from the past five years. Additionally, the Bureau’s official website has a “Business Environment” section where the public can access information on the number of EIA approvals in the city over the past five years.

Comprehensive Statistical Table of Environmental Permits (Approvals for EIA of Construction Projects) in Shanghai, 2018-2023
Year	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Number of environmental impact reports approved	135	59	147	121	115	120
Number of environmental impact forms approved	4113	4533	4854	2912	2072	2124
total	4248	4592	5001	3033	2187	2244

    问题解读：各级生态环境部门官方网站对建设项目环评审批决定进行公开。上海市生态环境局每年发布生态环境公报，包括当年度环评审批数量，持续时间五年以上。生态环境局官网开设“营商环境专栏”，公众可了解近五年本市环评审批数量。

2018-2023年上海市环境许可（建设项目环评审批）汇总统计表
年份	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
环境影响报告书审批数	135	59	147	121	115	120
环境影响报告表审批数	4113	4533	4854	2912	2072	2124
总计	4248	4592	5001	3033	2187	2244

18．Is the applicable fee schedule for obtaining any type of environmental clearances available online?

是否可以在线获得各类环境许可费用表？

    [Explanation ]: The “Government Online-Offline Shanghai” platform clearly states on its construction project environmental impact assessment page that the entire EIA approval process is free of charge.

    问题解读：本市“一网通办”建设项目环评页面办事指南明确，环评审批和获取申请不收费。

19．What is the time limit and cost for EIA approval documents?How long does a real estate project usually take?

环评文件审批时限和费用是多少？房地产项目通常需要多久？

问题解读：本市对于环评报告书和报告表的承诺办理时间压减为 15 个工作日和 7 个工作日（不含技术评估时间和法定公示时间）。环评审批不需要缴纳费用。

[Explanation ]: The promised processing time for the environmental impact assessment report and report form in the city has been reduced to 15 working days and 7 working days (excluding technical evaluation time and statutory public announcement time).

对不涉及环境敏感区的房地产项目不需要申请环评许可，因此，审批时限和费用均为0。

Real estate projects that do not involve environmentally sensitive areas are not required to have an EIA permit.Consequently, the time limit and the cost required to complete EIA approval documents is 0.